ThinkRankChanging Cultural Traditions
Overview
This chapter examines the Renaissance, the religious Reformation, and the early Scientific Revolution in Europe. It highlights the shift from a God-centered worldview to a Human-centered one, marking the transition to modernity.
Learning Objectives
- Define Humanism and its impact on education and art
- Discuss the role of the printing press in spreading ideas
- Evaluate the causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation
- Outline the foundational shifts of the Scientific Revolution
Key Concepts
The Italian Renaissance and Humanism
Renewed interest in Greek and Roman classics led to Humanism – a philosophy emphasizing human reason, individualism, and worldly achievements. Cities like Florence and Venice became cultural capitals.
Revolution in Arts and Science
Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo combined realism with scientific observation. In science, the Copernican sun-centered (heliocentric) model challenged the long-held geocentric view.
The Printing Revolution
Johannes Gutenberg’s moveble-type printing press (mid-15th C) made knowledge accessible to a wider audience, fueling the spread of Renaissance ideas and the Reformation.
The Reformation
Martin Luther’s critique of the Catholic Church (95 Theses) sparked a movement for religious reform, leading to the split between Catholics and various Protestant denominations.
Key Terms
Examples
The 95 Theses
Martin Luther's list of grievances against Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, which effectively launched the Reformation in 1517.
Leonardo's Notebooks
Filled with sketches of anatomy, machines, and flight, they represent the Renaissance ideal of the 'universal man' who bridges art and science.
Quick Check
- Where did the Renaissance begin?
- Who invented the printing press in Europe?
- What core belief did Martin Luther challenge?