ThinkRankAn Empire Across Three Continents
Overview
This chapter focuses on the Roman Empire, which at its peak spanned Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. It analyzes the political, social, and economic structures that sustained this vast Mediterranean power for centuries.
Learning Objectives
- Identify the extent and diversity of the Roman Empire
- Differentiate between the Early Empire and Late Antiquity
- Evaluate the role of slavery in the Roman economy
- Discuss the administrative reliance on cities and the army
Key Concepts
Political Structure: Principate and Beyond
Augustus established the 'Principate' (27 BCE), maintaining the facade of a republic while exercising absolute power. The empire was held together by the Emperor, the Senate, and a professional standing army.
Social Hierarchy and Slavery
Roman society was highly unequal, ranging from wealthy senators and equestrians to the urban poor and a massive population of slaves who performed most agricultural and domestic labor.
Economic Integration
The Mediterranean was the 'heart' of the empire, serving as a highway for trade in grain, wine, olive oil, and luxury goods. Standardized currency and taxation linked diverse regions.
Late Antiquity and Christianization
From the 4th century, the empire underwent significant changes, including Constantine’s conversion to Christianity, the founding of Constantinople, and the eventual division into Western and Eastern halves.
Key Terms
Examples
The Roman Army
A professional force where soldiers served for fixed terms (usually 25 years). It was the key to expansion and internal stability, but also a source of political influence.
Aqueducts
Marvels of Roman engineering that brought fresh water over long distances to cities, enabling a high standard of urban living and hygiene.
Quick Check
- Which sea served as the 'heart' of the Roman Empire?
- Who was the first Roman Emperor?
- What was the status of slavery in the Roman economy?