Structure and Physiography

Overview

The Indian landmass is a result of complex tectonic history. This chapter explores the diverse physical divisions of India—from the folded Himalayas to the ancient Peninsular Plateau.

Learning Objectives

Explain the geological evolution of India (Drift & Collision)
Compare the physiographic features of the Himalayas and the Plateau
Detail the regional variations within the Indo-Gangetic Plains
Distinguish between Western and Eastern coastal plains

Key Concepts

Himalayan Structure

Young, tectonically active mountains consisting of three parallel ranges: Himadri (Great), Himachal (Lesser), and Shiwalik (Outer).

The Peninsular Plateau

One of the oldest and most stable landmasses in the world, characterized by hard crystalline rocks and rich mineral deposits.

Key Terms

GondwanaTeraiKhadarWestern GhatsDoab

Examples

Deccan Traps

A massive volcanic plateau in central India, formed by basaltic lava flows millions of years ago.

Quick Check

Name the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
How do Western and Eastern Ghats differ?