ThinkRankThe Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Overview
This chapter traces how nationalism grew in Europe and led to the creation of modern nation-states. It explains the impact of the French Revolution, the conservative backlash after 1815, and the later unification of Germany and Italy through diplomacy, war, and popular movements.
Learning Objectives
- Explain how the French Revolution shaped nationalism
- Describe the unification of Germany and Italy
- Understand the role of culture, symbols, and language
Key Concepts
Nation-State and Citizenship
Revolutionary France introduced the idea that sovereignty belongs to the people, not a monarch. Citizens were tied to a nation with shared laws and rights.
Conservatism vs Liberalism
After Napoleon’s defeat, conservative rulers tried to restore old regimes, while liberals and nationalists demanded constitutional government and unity.
Unification of Germany
Bismarck used diplomacy and wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify German states under Prussian leadership.
Unification of Italy
Cavour’s diplomacy and Garibaldi’s military campaigns helped unify Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.
Culture and Symbols
Nationalism used flags, hymns, allegories like Germania and Marianne, and shared language to build common identity.
Congress of Vienna (1815)
European powers restored old monarchies and redrew boundaries to contain revolutionary ideas.
Balkan Nationalism
In the Balkans, different ethnic groups sought independent nations, creating conflicts among empires.
Key Terms
Examples
Frankfurt Parliament (1848)
An effort to create a unified German nation with a constitution, which failed due to lack of support from monarchs.
Zollverein
A customs union that integrated German markets and supported political unification.
Quick Check
- How did the French Revolution encourage nationalism?
- Why was unification successful in Germany but slower in Italy?
- What role did symbols play in nationalism?